For this project, the SMPS could provide 15W output. The output specification of an SMPS is highly dependable on the Load, like how much voltage and current will be required by load under all operating conditions. However, there is nothing like a resistive load, each load consists of at least some amount of inductance and capacitance here it is assumed that the inductance and capacitance of the load are negligible. For this SMPS the load is assumed as a resistive load. Depending on the load the construction of an SMPS can be different. On the output side, few loads are resistive, few are inductive. This is the reason why we are able to use our phone and laptop chargers in any country.

The SMPS should also function normally under 50Hz and 60Hz frequency as well. SMPS can be used in any country and could provide a stable output of full load if the voltage is between 85-265V AC. This means the input voltage can differ from the 85V AC to 265V AC. Generally, SMPS works with a universal input voltage range. There are also other nations which use different voltage levels. For India, the input AC is available in 220-230 volt, for the USA it is rated for 110 volts. As this design is specified for AC-DC conversion, the input will be Alternating current (AC). An input supply voltage is the first thing which will be used by the SMPS and will be transformed into a useful value to feed the load. Different kinds of power supply work in different environments and with specific input-output boundaries. Before proceeding with any kind of power supply design, requirement analysis has to be done based on the environment in which our Power supply will be used.

12v power supply fritzing